Bio-Chemistry (Chemistry of life).
Bio-chemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms. It deals with the structures and functions of cellular compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
The industrial applications of bio-chemistry are:
- Agriculture (the development of pesticides, herbicides).
- Medicine (the entire pharmaceutical industry).
- Fermentation (alcoholic drinks, fuels).
- Enzyme technology.
Chemistry Basics
- Matter occupies space and has its own mass. (Is made of atoms)
- Atoms are extremely small.
- Atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles called Protons, Neutrons and electrons.
- About 99.9% of the mass is found in the Nucleus.
- Protons carry a positive charge (+1), they have the mass of 1 and they are found in the Nucleus.
- Neutrons have a neutral charge, this is said to be because Neutrons are made up of a proton and an electron joined together. Therefore the Neutron has nearly the same mass as a proton.
- Electrons carry a negative charge (-1). They are very small in size and they orbit the nucleus. Electrons are _______________ (they are found everywhere).
- Isotopes are 2 elements that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- Carbon is found in 3 isotopes, these are; C12, C13, C14.
- Radioisotopes: Some isotopes are unstable and decays into Nitrogen where one Neutron breaks down into a Proton and an electron.
- Radioactive isotopes are used in tracer studies (experiments to determine the movement or integration of substances within living organisms. Or carbon dating. A radioactive isotope Carbon-14 which has the half life of ______________.
- 98% of the masses of most organisms are made up of 6 elements. These are; Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and P…….
- Other elements; _________________________________________________ are also normally found in organisms in small amounts amounting to 0.01% or slightly more of the total mass.
- Electron Configuration.
- Electrons are arranged in successive shells around the nucleus.
- Each shell can hold a specific amount of electrons.
- All the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the nucleus which is positively charged.
- A specific amount of energy – a quantum of energy is required to move an electron from one energy level to the next away from the nucleus. When an electron moves closer to the nucleus, energy is released.
- Valiancy electrons are those electrons participating in the chemical reaction.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
The industrial applications of bio-chemistry are:
- Agriculture (the development of pesticides, herbicides).
- Medicine (the entire pharmaceutical industry).
- Fermentation (alcoholic drinks, fuels).
- Enzyme technology.
Chemistry Basics
- Matter occupies space and has its own mass. (Is made of atoms)
- Atoms are extremely small.
- Atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles called Protons, Neutrons and electrons.
- About 99.9% of the mass is found in the Nucleus.
- Protons carry a positive charge (+1), they have the mass of 1 and they are found in the Nucleus.
- Neutrons have a neutral charge, this is said to be because Neutrons are made up of a proton and an electron joined together. Therefore the Neutron has nearly the same mass as a proton.
- Electrons carry a negative charge (-1). They are very small in size and they orbit the nucleus. Electrons are _______________ (they are found everywhere).
- Isotopes are 2 elements that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- Carbon is found in 3 isotopes, these are; C12, C13, C14.
- Radioisotopes: Some isotopes are unstable and decays into Nitrogen where one Neutron breaks down into a Proton and an electron.
- Radioactive isotopes are used in tracer studies (experiments to determine the movement or integration of substances within living organisms. Or carbon dating. A radioactive isotope Carbon-14 which has the half life of ______________.
- 98% of the masses of most organisms are made up of 6 elements. These are; Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and P…….
- Other elements; _________________________________________________ are also normally found in organisms in small amounts amounting to 0.01% or slightly more of the total mass.
- Electron Configuration.
- Electrons are arranged in successive shells around the nucleus.
- Each shell can hold a specific amount of electrons.
- All the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the nucleus which is positively charged.
- A specific amount of energy – a quantum of energy is required to move an electron from one energy level to the next away from the nucleus. When an electron moves closer to the nucleus, energy is released.
- Valiancy electrons are those electrons participating in the chemical reaction.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION