Industrial Chemical Reactions
Factors that effect Chemical Reactions:
- Temperature
- State
- Volume
- Concentration
- Pressure
- Catalyst
- Surface Area
- pH
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of reaction is the energy that is released or needed by the system for the reaction to occur, This energy can be measured by the temperature change of the surroundings. To measure the temperature change the system has to be a closed system. When a reaction releases heat it is said to be exothermic. When a reaction needs energy (therefore is cold) it is said to be endothermic.
Enthalpy change (∆H) --> The unit is J or kJ
Standard enthalpy change is when the reaction is at RTP and 1 mole of reactant or product is used or produced. Therefore the unit it kJ mol-1.
The standard enthalpy will depend on the reaction taking place e.g. if one takes the standard enthalpy of neutralisation the energy measured will be depending on the water produced. Whilst the enthalpy of combustion is related to the product being completely burnt in oxygen.
- Temperature
- State
- Volume
- Concentration
- Pressure
- Catalyst
- Surface Area
- pH
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of reaction is the energy that is released or needed by the system for the reaction to occur, This energy can be measured by the temperature change of the surroundings. To measure the temperature change the system has to be a closed system. When a reaction releases heat it is said to be exothermic. When a reaction needs energy (therefore is cold) it is said to be endothermic.
Enthalpy change (∆H) --> The unit is J or kJ
Standard enthalpy change is when the reaction is at RTP and 1 mole of reactant or product is used or produced. Therefore the unit it kJ mol-1.
The standard enthalpy will depend on the reaction taking place e.g. if one takes the standard enthalpy of neutralisation the energy measured will be depending on the water produced. Whilst the enthalpy of combustion is related to the product being completely burnt in oxygen.
∆Hѳ of combustion
∆Hѳ of formation ∆Hѳ of atomisation ∆Hѳ of neutralisation ∆Hѳ of hydration ∆Hѳ of solvation ∆Hѳ of solution ∆Hѳ of ionisation ∆Hѳ of electron affinity ∆Hѳ of lattice |
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Hess’s Law
Hess’s Law states that whatever the route of reaction is, the enthalpy change is always the same.
Hess’s Law states that whatever the route of reaction is, the enthalpy change is always the same.